Amy Johnson Crow suggested a weekly blog theme of "52 Ancestors" in her blog postChallenge: 52 Ancestors in 52 Weeks on the No Story Too Small blog. I've been looking for a Friday theme post to highlight my genealogical research, so I choose to follow Amy's lead here and write about one ancestor every week (as best I can).
Henry Austin Carringer 1853-1946) is #12 on my Ancestor Name List, and is my great-grandfather. He married #13, Abbey Ardell "Della" Smith (1862-1944). I am descended through:
* his son, #6 Lyle Lawrence Carringer (1891-1976), who married Emily Kemp Auble (1899-1977)
* their daughter, #3 Betty Virignia Carringer (1919-2002), who married Frederick Walton Seaver (1911-1983)
* me, #1 Randall J. Seaver (1943-....)
To create this post, I created an Individual Summary report in RootsMagic 6, then saved it into an RTF file. I then copied and pasted the Individual Fact List and the Source Citations (with Detail Text information) into this blog post. Unfortunately, the source citations superscripts did not survive this process as superscripts, so I put them in brackets in the Individual Facts list below, and without parentheses in the Source Citation list. I have images of many of these records, but have not included them in this blog post due to the length of the post. Many of them have been transcribed or shown in Amanuensis Monday and Treasure Chest Thursday posts.
=====================================================
A) Person:
* Name:
Henry Austin Carringer [1–3]
* Sex:
Male
* Father:
David Jackson "D.J." Carringer (1828-1902)
* Mother:
Rebecca Spangler (1832-1901)
B) Individual Facts
* Birth:
28 November 1853 Mercer, Pennsylvania, United States [2-4]
* Residence:
between 1854 and 1858 (between about age 1 and about 5) with his parents; Mercer, Pennsylvania, United States
* Residence:
between 1858 and 1873 (between about age 5 and about 20) with his parents; Louisa, Iowa, United States
* Census:
1 June 1860 (age 6), Columbus City, Louisa, Iowa, United States [5]
* Census:
1 June 1870 (age 16) Jackson, Washington, Iowa, United States [6]
* Residence:
between 1873 and 1887 (between about age 20 and about 34) with his parents; Boulder, Colorado, United States
* Census:
1 June 1880 (age 26) Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States [7]
* Occupation:
1 June 1880 (age 26) Millwright and Carpenter; Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States [8]
* Residence:
between 1887 and 1897 (between about age 34 and about 44) with his wife at several addresses; San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
* Property:
22 July 1889 (age 35), 160 acres in the northeast quarter of Section 3 of Township 3 South, Range 40 west in Cheyenne County, Kansas.; Wano, Cheyenne, Kansas, United States [9]
* Property:
28 October 1889 (age 35), 160 acres in the west half of the south east quarter and the east half of the south west quarter of section eleven in township three south of range forty west of the Sixth Principal Meridian in Kansas; Wano, Cheyenne, Kansas, United States [10]
* Residence:
between 1897 and 1946 (between about age 44 and about 93) with his wife; 2115 30th Street, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
* Census:
1 April 1900 (age 46), Watkins Avenue (now Hawthorn Street), San Diego, San Diego, California, United States [11]
* Occupation:
1 June 1900 (age 46), Carpenter; San Diego, San Diego, California, United States [11]
* Census:
1 April 1910 (age 56), Hawthorn Street San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Hawthorn Street, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States [12]
* Occupation:
1 April 1910 (age 56) carpenter; San Diego, San Diego, California, United States [12]
* Census:
1 January 1920 (age 66), 2105 30th Street, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States [13]
* Occupation:
1 January 1920 (age 66), cabinet maker, works in furniture store; San Diego, San Diego, California, United States [13]
* Census:
1 April 1930 (age 76) 2115 30th Street, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States [14]
* Occupation:
1 April 1930 (age 76) aviation mechanician; Rockwell Field (U.S. Army, North Island), San Diego, San Diego, California, United States [14]
* Census:
1 April 1940 (age 86) 2115 30th Street, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States [3]
* Occupation:
1 April 1940 (age 86), millwright, mechanic (retired); 2115 30th Street, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States [3]
* Death:
30 November 1946 (age 93), San Diego, San Diego, California, United States [2, 15–16]
* Burial:
after 30 November 1946 (after age 93), Cypress View Mausoleum (cremation), Bronze Corridor, Niche 61, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States [17]
* Alt. Name:
Austin Carringer
* Alt. Name:
Henry A. Carringer [12-14]
* Alt. Name:
Henry Carringer[11]
C) Marriages/Children:
* Spouse 1:
Abbey Ardelle "Della" Smith (1862-1944)
* Marriage:
11 September 1887 (age 33), Wano, Cheyenne, Kansas, United States [18-21]
* Children:
Devier David Carringer (1889-1890)
Lyle Lawrence Carringer (1891-1976)
D) Sources (in Blue) with Research Notes (in Red):
1. unknown, D.J. and Rebecca (Spangler) Carringer Family Bible, Births, Marriages and Deaths (loose pages, 1828-1946) (n.p. : n.p., n.d. before 1901), Henry Austin Carringer entry.
In Births:
Henry A. Carringer
Born Nov 26th 1853 A.D.
Mercer Co. Pa.
2. San Diego County, California, Certificate of Death, Henry A. Carringer, 30 November 1946; State of California, Department of Public Health (certificate dated 8 December 1946).
3. 1940 United States Census, San Diego County, California, population schedule, San Diego: E.D. 62-63A, Sheet 16-B, Dwelling #426, Henry Austin Carringer household; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 2 April 2012), citing National Archives Microfilm Publication T627, Roll 451.
In the 1940 U.S,. Census, this family resided at 2115 30th Street in San Diego. The household included:
* Henry Austin Carringer - Head of household, male, white, age 87, married, 6 years of school, born Pennsylvania, lived in same house in 1935, did not work the last week of March 1940, Unable to work, occupation is millwright, mechanic, and Industry is US Army (Retired), earned $1060 in 1939, made over $50 in other income.
* Abbie Della Carringer (provided information) - Wife, female, white, age 78, married, 4 years of high school, born Wisconsin, lived in same house in 1935, did not work the last week of March 1940, did Housework, occupation is housewife, industry is runs home, earned $0 in 1939, made over $50 in other income.
4. "California Death Index, 1940-1997," online database, Rootsweb.com (www.rootsweb.ancestry.com), citing State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics, Henry Austin Carringer entry, 1946.
5. 1860 United States Federal Census, Population Schedule, Louisa County, Iowa, Columbus City, Page 857, house #558, family #558, D.J. Carringer household; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com); citing National Archives Microfilm Series M653, Roll 331.
In the 1860 US Census, this family resided in Columbus City, Louisa County, Iowa. The family included:
* David J. Caringer -- age 31, male, carpenter, $200 in real property, $100 in personal property, born PA
* Rebecca Caringer -- age 28, female, born PA
* Harvy E. Caringer -- age 9, male, born PA, attended school
* Henry A. Caringer -- age 7, male, born PA, attended school
* Epha E. Caringer -- age 2, female, born PA.
6. 1870 United States Federal Census, Population Schedule, Washington County, Iowa, Jackson township: Page 131, house #49, family #49, D.J. Carringer household; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com); citing National Archives Microfilm Publication M593, Roll 424.
In the 1870 US census, this family resided in Jackson township in Washington County, Iowa. The household, indexed as Carenngtr on www.Ancestry.com, included:
* D. Carenngtr -- age 40, male, white, farmer, born PA
* Rebeca Carenngtr -- age 38, female, white, keeps house, born PA
* Harvy Carenngtr -- age 18, male, white, school, born PA
* Henry A. Carenngtr -- age 16, male, white, school, born PA
* Effie Carenngtr -- age ??, female, white, school, born PA.
7. 1880 United States Federal Census, Population Schedule, Boulder County, Colorado, Boulder: Page 525B, Dwelling #11, Family #11, D.J. Carringer household; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com); citing National Archives Microfilm Publication T9, Roll 89.
In the 1880 US Census, the D.J. Carringer family resided in Boulder, Boulder County, Colorado. The household included:
* D.J. Carringer -- white, male, age 51, married, a carpenter and joiner, born PA, parents born PA
* Rebecca Carringer -- white, female, age 48, wife, married, keeping house, born PA, parents born PA
* Harvey E. Carringer -- white, male, age 27, son, single, farming, born PA, parents born PA
* Henry A. Carringer -- white, male, age 26, son, single, millwright and carpenter, born PA, parents born PA.
8. 1880 United States Federal Census, Population Schedule, Boulder County, Colorado, Boulder: Page 525B, Dwelling #11, Family #11, D.J. Carringer household; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com); citing National Archives Microfilm Publication T9, Roll 89.
In the 1880 US Census, the D.J. Carringer family resided in Boulder, Boulder County, Colorado. The household included:
* D.J. Carringer -- white, male, age 51, married, a carpenter and joiner, born PA, parents born PA
* Rebecca Carringer -- white, female, age 48, wife, married, keeping house, born PA, parents born PA
* Harvey E. Carringer -- white, male, age 27, son, single, farming, born PA, parents born PA
* Henry A. Carringer -- white, male, age 26, son, single, millwright and carpenter, born PA, parents born PA
9. U.S. Bureau of Land Management, "Land Patent Search," indexed database, General Land Office Records (http://glorecords.blm.gov), Kansas, Volume 38, Page 335, entry for Henry A. Carringer, Cheyenne County, Kansas, Certificate No. 1483.
10. U.S. Bureau of Land Management, "Land Patent Search," indexed database, General Land Office Records, Kansas, Volume 40, Page 49, entry for Henry A. Carringer, Cheyenne County, Kansas, Certificate No. 4688.
11. 1900 United States Federal Census, Population Schedule, San Diego County, California, San Diego City 4th Ward; ED 194, Sheet 19A, Line 43, Henry Carringer household; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com), citing National Archives Microfilm Publication T623, Roll 99. resided on Watkins Avenue (now Hawthorn Street) in San Diego, California.
In the 1900 U.S. census, this family resided on Watkins Avenue in San Diego city, San Diego county, California. The household included:
* Henry A. Carringer -- head of household, white, male, born Nov 1853, age 46, married 12 years, born PA, parents born PA, a carpenter, owns house with a mortgage
* Della A. Carringer -- wife, white, female, born Apr 1862, age 38, married 12 years, 2 children born, 1 living, born WI, parents born NY
* Lyle L. Carringer -- son, white, male, born Nov 1891, age 8, single, born CA, father born PA, mother born WI
* Abby A. Smith -- mother-in-law, white, female, born Oct 1844, age 55, widow, 2 children born, 2 living, born NY, father born England, mother born New England
12. 1910 United States Federal Census, Population Schedule, San Diego County, California, San Diego 4th Ward; ED 150,Sheet 9A, Lines 1-5, Henry A. Carringer household; online database, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com); citing National Archives Microfilm Publication T624, Roll 94. resided on Hawthorne Street in San Diego, California.
In the 1910 US Census, this family resided on Hawthorne Street in the 4th Ward of San Diego, San Diego County, California. The family included:
* Henry A. Carringer -- head of household, male, white, age 58, first marriage, married 22 years, born PA, parents born PA, a carpenter, does general work, owns house free of mortgage
* Della A. Carringer -- wife, female, white, age 50, first marriage, married 22 years, 2 children born, 1 living, born WI, parents born NY
* Lyle L. Carringer -- son, male, white, age 18, single, born CA, father born PA, mother born WI
* Harvey Carringer -- brother, male, white, age 59, single, born PA, parents born PA, own income
* Abby A. Smith -- mother-in-law, female, white, age ??, widowed, 5 children born, 3 living, born NY, father born England, mother born NY, own income
13. 1920 United States Federal Census, Population Schedule, San Diego County, California, San Diego city; ED 285, sheet 5B, lines 65-67, Henry A. Carringer household; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com); citing National Archives Microfilm Publication T625, Roll 131. resided at 2115 30th Street in San Diego, California.
In the 1920 US census, this family resided at 2105 30th Street in San Diego city, San Diego County, California. The family included:
* Henry A. Carringer -- head, owns home with a mortgage, male, white, age 66, married, able to read and write, born in Pennsylvania, parents born in Pennsylvania/Pennsylvania, a cabinet-maker, works in a furniture store, a worker
* Della A. Carringer -- wife, female, white, age 57, married, able to read and write, born in Wisconsin, parents born in New York/New York
* Abbie A. Smith -- mother-in-law, female, white, age 75, widow, able to read and write, born in New York, father born in England, mother born in New York
* Mary S. Griffith -- a lodger, female, white, age 45, single, able to read and write, born Michigan, father born Delaware, mother born New York, a music teacher, piano, works on own account.
14. 1930 United States Federal Census, Population Schedule, San Diego County, California, San Diego city; ED 116, Sheet 1A, dwelling #3, family #5, Henry A. Carringer household; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com); citing National Archives Microfilm Publication T626, Roll 192. resided at 2115 30th Street in San Diego, California.
In the 1930 U.S. Census, this family resided at 2115 30th Street in San Diego city, San Diego County, California. The household included:
* Henry A. Carringer -- head, owns home, worth $5,000, owns radio set, male, white, age 76, married, first at age 34, able to read/write, born PA, parents born PA/PA, able to speak English, an aviation mechanician, works at Army Air Services, employed
* Della A. Carringer -- wife, female, white, age 67, married, first at age 25, able to read/write, born WI, parents born NY/NY,able to speak English, no occupation
* Abbie A. Smith -- mother-in-law, female, white, age 85, widowed, able to read/write, born NY, parents born England/NY, able to speak English, no occupation.
15. "California Death Index, 1940-1997," Rootsweb.com, Henry Austin Carringer entry, 1946.
16. unknown, D.J. and Rebecca (Spangler) Carringer Family Bible, Births, Marriages and Deaths (loose pages, 1828-1946), Deaths, Henry Austin Carringer entry, 30 November 1946.
In the "Deaths" section of the D.J. and Rebecca (Spangler) Carringer Bible:
San Diego Calif. Nov. 30, 1946
Henry Austin Carringer, 93 yrs, 4 days, 9:30 AM.
17. Cypress View Mausoleum and Memorial Park (San Diego, California).
Henry Austin Carringer is inurned with his wife in Cypress View Mausoleum (Bronze Corridor, Niche 61) in San Diego, California.
18. unknown, Devier J. Smith, 1889-1920, Devier J. Smith Family Bible [loose pages of Birth, Marriages, Death and Note Pages] (no publication information), Marriages, entry for Abbey Ardell (daughter of D.J. & A.A. Smith), 11 September 1887.
In the "Marriages" section of the Devier J. Smith Family Bible (loose pages):
Abbey Ardell Daughter of D.J. & A.A. Smith Sep. 11 1887.
19. Mr. Henry A. Carringer and Miss Della A. Smith Marriage Certificate, 11 September 1887, Congregational Church, Wano, Kansas; held in 2014 by Randall J. Seaver ([address for private use], Chula Vista, Calif. 91911). 11 September 1887, Wano, Cheyenne County, Kansas, by Rev. Emanuel Richards, Community Congregational Church.
The marriage certificate says:
THIS CERTIFIES:
That on the 11th day of September in the year 188 7
Mr. Henry A. Carringer and Miss Della A. Smith were united by me in the Bond of Marriage at Wano, Kansas.
Witness: A.E. Boring Rev. Emanuel Richards Minister of Congregational Ch.
20. unknown, D.J. and Rebecca (Spangler) Carringer Family Bible, Births, Marriages and Deaths (loose pages, 1828-1946), Marriages, Henry A. Carringer and Della A. Smith entry, 11 September 1887.
In the "Marriages" section of the D.J. and Rebecca (Spangler) Carringer Bible:
At Wano Kan Sept 11th 1887
By Rev Emanuel Richard
Henry A. Carringer
to Della A. Smith
at Twelve Oclock.
21. Smith/Carringer Family Correspondence (Loose Letters, 1888–1902), Abigail (Vaux) Smith list of family births and deaths, Henry Austin Carringer and Abbie Ardell (Della) Smith marriage entry, 11 September 1887, originals privately held by privately held by Randall J. Seaver, [address for private use], Chula Vista CA 91911, 1988 (great grandson). Family letters to and from Abigail (Vaux) Smith, Rebecca (Spangler) Carringer, and Della (Smith) Carringer.
In the Abigail (Vaux) Smith list of family births, marriages and deaths:
Abbie Ardell (Della) Smith and
Henry Austin Carringer Sep 11, 1887
Wano, Cheyenne Co., Kans.
E) Biographical Notes:
Henry Austin Carringer was always known by his middle name, Austin. This may have been a Carringer family tradition, or perhaps from the traditional German naming pattern.
He met Della Smith in Boulder in 1884; the Carringer and Smith families had tracts of land in Wano, Cheyenne County, Kansas.
Mr. Austin Carringer and Miss Della Smith were performers at the playhouse built in Wano, starring in plays such as "Lady Audley's Secret", "The Dairyman's Daughter", "My Cousin Joe", "My Neighbor's Wife", and "The Secret; or, A Hole in the Wall". Della Carringer's scrapbook has many notices of these plays and other activities in St. Francis and Wano.
After three years of courtship, they sold their land there and were wed in Wano, Cheyenne County, Kansas by Rev. Emanuel Richards. A month later they traveled by train to San Diego, California on their honeymoon with $20 in their pockets. Austin went to work as a carpenter in the lumber mills in National City. In 1890, they resided on 3rd Avenue between 16th and 17th in National City. Austin was an active member of the National City Fire Department Active Hose No. 1 during this period.
The San Diego Union announced in the August 24, 1889 edition that:
"Mr. and Mrs. H.A. Carringer rejoice in the arrival of a bright faced boy, who tips the scales at nine pounds."
Devier David Carringer (named after his grandfathers, Devier Smith and David Jackson Carringer) was born on August 19, 1889. The joy turned to sorrow when Devier suddenly died on May 10, 1890. A remembrance card with gold lettering on a black background reads:
"One less at home, The charmed circle broken -- a dear face missed day by day from its usual place. But cleansed, saved, perfected by grace, One more in heaven.
"One less on earth, its pain, its sorrow, and its toil to share. One less the pilgrim's daily cross to bear. One more the crown of the blessed to wear, At home in heaven."
The family archives include several letters from the extended Smith family in Kansas and the extended Carringer family in Pennsylvania that try to reassure the family that it was God's will. The death of baby Devier apparently caused Austin and Della to renounce their Christian faith.
Lyle Lawrence Carringer was born 2 November 1891 in a house at 16th and H Streets in San Diego. There are several letters to the Carringer family in Colorado describing Lyle's childhood. An 1895 family picture shows the family in front of a hat shop with Lyle sitting in a wagon, Austin with a bicycle, Abigail (Vaux) Smith, and brother Edgar Carringer.
In 1893, the family lived at 28th Street and Logan Avenue in San Diego. In 1895 Della was an art teacher in a studio at 29th and Logan.
On 28 August 1894, Angeline M. and David Seaman granted lots 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 in Block 61 in Seaman and Choate's Addition in San Diego to Mrs. Della A. Carringer for $450. The lot was bounded by Ella (now 30th Street), Watkins Avenue (now Hawthorn Street) and Fern Street in the Brooklyn Heights neighborhood of San Diego.
The San Diego Union newspaper, in the 8 June 1897 edition (accessed on www.genealogybank.com) reported that:
"Building permits were issued yesterday to Della A. Carringer for a $600 residence on Watkins avenue and Thirtieth street."
Austin built the two-story house on the southwestern corner of the block at Ella and Watkins Streets (now 30th and Hawthorn Streets) facing Watkins Street.
A photograph taken in about 1900 shows the house with Austin, Della, Lyle, Austin's parents D.J. and Rebecca, his brother Edgar, Della's mother Abbie (Vaux) Smith, and the family horse. After the house was built, they used a horse-drawn surrey to transport themselves and their neighbors to the nearest streetcar line at 16th and Broadway.
Austin continued working at the Russ Lumber and Mill Company until at least 1903. He worked as a carpenter or machinist until 1917, when he became an aviation mechanic at the U.S. Army Aviation Station at Rockwell Field (now North Island Naval Air Station) in Coronado. He was the foreman in the wood and fabric section of the airplane repair shop for ten years, and retired on his 79th birthday with 15 years of service in 1932. His coworkers gave him a letter of appreciation and a big, easy chair.
On 9 April 1904, H.A. Carringer was granted the east half of Lot 78 in Block 8 of La Vista Cemetery for $7 (Grant Deed in Book 341, Page 418 of San Diego County Deeds). This was for the graves of his parents and deceased son.
On 23 October 1917, Matie Smith Cramer sold a property in San Diego (lots 40, 41, 42 and 43 in Block 13 of Second Fortuna Park Addition, lots 3 and 4 in block 29 of Fortuna Park Addition, and lots 7 and 8 in block 59 of Cardiff A, per Map 1334) to Henry A. Carringer for $10 (Grant Deed in Book 790, page 374).
On 3 October 1922, Abbie A. Smith of San Diego granted property in City Heights (identified as Lots 15 and 16 in Block 97 of City Heights, on Map 1007) to Della A. Carringer of San Diego for $10 (Grant Deed in Book 1571, page 219). On 9 July 1939, Della A. Carringer sold the house at 3537 41st Street in San Diego to Lyle and Emily Carringer for $10.00 (identified as Lots 15 and 16 of Block 97 in City Heights), reserving her right to use, rent or sell the property (Grant Deed recorded in Book 916, Page 299). On 16 April 1942, Della A. Carringer et al sold the property to Albert J. and Eula C. Dittmar for $1,100.
On 11 April 1925, Henry A. and Della A. Carringer granted all of their property to Georgia K. Auble for $10, who granted it back to Henry A. and Della A. Carringer as joint tenants with rights of survivorship, also for $10 (Grant Deeds in Book 1054, pages 291 and 292 respectively).
On 5 May 1925, a trust deed was executed by Henry A. and Della A. Carringer in the amount of $4,000 for the improvement of the east 50 feet of lots 8 and 9 of Block 61 of Seaman and Choate's Addition, on Map 631. This improvement resulted in the building of the two story apartment house at 2114 and 2116 Fern Street.
The family home was moved to the middle of the block as 2115 30th Street in about 1927, and the house front porch was modified so that it faced south. A second story flat was created by adding to the existing rooms, and an external staircase was built to 2119 30th Street. The structure was then stuccoed over so that the original frame of the house could not be discerned.
The San Diego Union of September 11, 1937 has an article headlined "Honeymoon Trip to S.D. Extends Half a Century", with a picture of Austin and Della entitled "True Vowers View Letters on Golden Wedding Day". In the article, Della says "We have lived here on this corner for 39 years. We built this house. On our lot we have planted and grown most every kind of fruit and vegetable that grows in California. Flowers always have been my hobby." Della designed some of their furniture, and was a painter. She was quoted on their philosophy of life: "We have worked hard as partners and tried always to be kind and helpful to others. After all, we are of the opinion that this is the best religion to make a happy and successful life." The article says that Austin did all of the finishing on their home and also built some of their beautiful furniture.
Henry A. and Della A. Carringer of San Diego made a Power of Attorney on 9 July 1939 to appoint and constitute their son, Lyle L. Carringer, as their true and lawful attorney. However, they limited his right to convey, mortgage or hypothecate any real property subject to the written approval of both of them.
Henry A. and Della A. Carringer deeded the entire property on 30th Street (Lots 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 in Block 61 of Seaman and Choate's Addition) to Lyle L. and Emily K. Carringer on 9 July 1939, reserving the use, possession, rent and income during their lives (Grant Deed recorded in Book 920, Page 242).
After Austin Carringer died, Lyle Carringer wrote a letter to the Union Title Insurance and Trust Company stating that his deceased father, Henry A. Carringer, was the owner of Lots 5 and 6 in Block 22 in Cardiff at the time of his death. He stated that his father died with only these properties in his name, that there would be no probate of an estate, and that he was the only surviving heir-at-law.
Austin Carringer is remembered by his granddaughter, Betty (Carringer) Seaver, as being tall and very demanding in his old age. Della is remembered as being small and wrinkled.
copyright (c) 2014, Randall J. Seaver