The record collection for the 1860 United States Federal Census is one of my favorite record collections. It is available in digital format online at:
* Ancestry.com ($$) - 27,463,424 entries
* MyHeritage.com ($$) - 27,120,063 entries
* Findmypast ($$) - 27,120,064 entries
* FamilySearch.org (Free) - 27,150,731 entries
The official population count of the United States in 1860 was 31,443,321, including 3,953,760 slaves who were numbered in a separate slave census.
Why are the number of entries different at each provider, and different from the official census count? Perhaps it is because all of the providers permit an alternate user-provided index entry for enumerated persons. In this census year, slaves were enumerated in a separate census (on FamilySearch, there are 4,429,408 names on the 1860 Slave Schedule).
Here is an example from the FamilySearch census for a search for one person (two screens below):This database details those persons enumerated in the 1860 United States Federal Census, the Eighth Census of the United States. In addition, the names of those listed on the population schedule are linked to the actual images of the 1860 Federal Census, copied from the National Archives and Records Administration microfilm, M653, 1438 rolls. (If you do not initially find the name on the page that you are linked to, try a few pages forward or backward, as sometimes different pages had the same page number.)Enumerators of the 1860 census were instructed to record the names of every person in the household. Added to this, enumerators were presented with printed instructions, which account for the greater degree of accuracy compared with earlier censuses. Enumerators were asked to include the following categories in the census: name; age as of the census day; sex; color; birthplace; occupation of persons over age fifteen; value of real estate; whether married within the previous year; whether deaf, dumb, blind, insane, a pauper, or a convict; whether able to read or speak English; and whether the person attended school within the previous year. No relationships were shown between members of a household. The categories allowed Congress to determine persons residing in the United States for collection of taxes and the appropriation of seats in the House of Representatives.Few, if any, records reveal as many details about individuals and families as do the U.S. federal censuses. The population schedules are successive "snapshots" of Americans that depict where and how they were living at particular periods in the past. Because of this, the census is often the best starting point for genealogical research after home sources have been exhausted.The database presently includes the following states and territories: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Dakota Territory, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas Territory (includes parts of Colorado), Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska Territory (includes parts of North and South Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming), New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico Territory (includes Arizona), New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington Territory and Wisconsin.The United States was the first country to call for a regularly held census. The Constitution required that a census of all "Persons...excluding Indians not taxed" be performed to determine the collection of taxes and the appropriation of seats in the House of Representatives. The first nine censuses from 1790 to 1870 were organized under the United States Federal Court system. Each district was assigned a U.S. marshal who hired other marshals to administer the census. Governors were responsible for enumeration in territories.The official enumeration day of the 1860 census was 1 June 1860. All questions asked were supposed to refer to that date. By 1860, there were a total of thirty-three states in the Union, with Minnesota and Oregon being the latest editions. There were no substantial state- or district-wide losses.
* Seaver 1096 (on Ancestry)
1093 (on MyHeritage)
1093 (on Findmypast)
1089 (on Family Search)
* Carringer 114 (on Ancestry)
60 (on MyHeritage)
60 (on Findmypast)
60 (on Family Search)
* Auble 208 (on Ancestry)
203 (on MyHeritage)
203 (on Findmypast)
203 (on Family Search)
* Vaux 81 (on Ancestry)
91 (on MyHeritage)
91 (on Findmypast)
94 (on Family Search)
* Smith 360,957 (on Ancestry)
354,001 (on MyHeritage)
354.021 (on Findmypast)
354,459 (on Family Search)
FamilySearch, MyHeritage and Findmypast have almost the same number of entries for each surname except Smith - I think FamilySearch provided the index and images for this collection to Findmypast and MyHeritage.
Ancestry,com and FamilySearch created separate census indexes using paid and/or volunteer indexers. The differences in numbers between providers for a specific surname is probably due to the providers permitting a user-submitted addition to the index.
It is important to understand what this collection represents and includes. This collection is paper records created by the U.S. Census Bureau in 1860, copied to microfilm and provided at some time for digitization to the digital record providers for a fee. The record providers then used paid or volunteer indexers to create the different indexes.
These records are Original Source records, with Primary Information (state, county, town) and Secondary Information (for everything else), and Indirect Evidence of the person's name, age, and other items.
I use this database extensively to find my ancestors, my relatives, and other persons in my family tree. I usually download the record image to my computer for my ancestors, summarize the information for each person in the household, and enter a Census event for the household, with the official census date, the census place, and craft a source citation. I add a Note for each person with the location, date, and household summary information, and add a Media item for each person in the household of my ancestral families.
For those interested in mining this record collection for Hints of persons in their Ancestry Member Tree, the Ancestry.com database number is 7667. Currently, I have over 2,280 Hints for persons in my Ancestry Member Tree who are indexed in this record collection. I work on them occasionally, adding content and source citations to profiles in my RootsMagic family tree. Of course, I have some accepted Hints from this collection already in my RootsMagic family tree and my Ancestry Member Tree, but not many.
I have not attached many MyHeritage Hints to my MyHeritage tree, which is now a year out of date. On MyHeritage, I have 1,831 pending Record Matches for persons in my MyHeritage tree.
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NOTE: Tuesday's Tips is a genealogy blog meme intended to provide information about a resource helpful to genealogists and family historians, especially in the U.S. online genea-world.
The URL for this post is: https://www.geneamusings.com/2020/02/tuesdays-tip-research-using-1860-united.html
Copyright (c) 2020, Randall J. Seaver
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